Which long-term side effect is associated with the use of proton pump inhibitors?

The long-term use of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) has been associated with decreased bone mineral density. This effect is particularly concerning because PPIs can interfere with the absorption of calcium, which is essential for maintaining healthy bone density. Over time, reduced calcium absorption may lead to an increased risk of osteoporotic fractures in individuals who are long-term users of these medications.

Research suggests that the mechanism behind this side effect is related to the suppression of gastric acid, which can affect the solubility and absorption of essential nutrients, including calcium and magnesium. This impact on bone health is particularly relevant in populations that may already be at risk for osteoporosis, such as older adults.

Other options presented, such as increased blood pressure, enhanced immune function, and increased appetite, do not have established links to PPI use, making decreased bone mineral density the most relevant and supported long-term side effect connected with these medications.